By Aasif Khan | Last Updated on December 10th, 2023 7:13 am | 5-min readWith NotificationCenter you can broadcast data from one part of your app to another. It uses the Observer pattern to inform registered observers when a notification comes in, using a central dispatcher called Notification Center.
In this app development tutorial we’ll find out how the notification center mechanism works, and how you can use it in your apps. As you’ll see, Notification Center is particularly useful for getting data from one part of your app to another.
Before we get started, some quick notes:
- The NotificationCenter class used to be called NSNotificationCenter – with the “NS” prefix – prior to Swift 3. You’ll often find people still referring to it as NSNotificationCenter.
- The NotificationCenter mechanism has nothing to do with push notifications, local notifications or the Notification Center UI, an overview of app notifications as found in iOS and macOS.
- This guide solely focuses on using NotificationCenter to send in-app broadcasts with Swift.
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We’ll start with how NotificationCenter works exactly. It has 3 components:
The mechanism for Notification Center is simple. Let’s look at an analogy:
- You’re working in a mail processing facility that delivers mail to 5 color-coded streets
- You, the postman, need to deliver purple letters to purple street whenever they arrive at the mail processing facility
- When your shift starts, you tell the central command of the mail facility – let’s call him Bob – that you want to know when purple mail arrives
- Some time passes, and Alice – who lives on yellow street – decides to send a letter to purple street
- So, she sends her letter to the mail processing facility, where it is picked up by Bob – the central command – who informs you that a purple letter has arrived
- You get the purple letter from Bob, and safely deliver it on purple street
The cool thing about this mechanism is that Bob and Alice don’t need to know each other, they only need to “know” the central command – the NotificationCenter.
Also, the Notification Center can handle one-to-many and many-to-many messages. Alice can send stuff to Bob, Arthur can send stuff to Bob, and if Alice is listening in, Bob and Arthur can also send stuff to Alice!
Back to the mechanism. Here’s an overview of the flow of data for NotificationCenter:
This is what happens:
Component A and B can be any kind of class, such as a view controller, a custom API class or a data model.
Makes sense? Let’s move on!
Here’s how you register an observer:
NotificationCenter.default.addObserver(self, selector: #selector(onDidReceiveData(_:)), name: .didReceiveData, object: nil)
This adds an observer with those parameters to the Notification Center, essentially telling it that self wants to observe for notifications with name .didReceiveData, and when that notification occurs, the function onDidReceiveData(_:) should be called.
The addObserver(_:selector:name:object:) function has 4 parameters:
It’s smart to think of the observer and the selector as the target and the action. What function, a so-called selector, do you want to call on what object, a so-called observer, when the notification occurs?
Note: In Objective-C, a selector is a type that refers to the name of an Objective-C method. In Swift, we just call it a function – although there’s difference. You define the selector by typing #selector(), with the function name written within the parentheses.
It’s important to use the correct selector here, including the right function parameters, so it’s easiest to use Xcode‘s code auto-completion by pressing the Esc key after placing the cursor in between the parentheses. Try it!
The function you want to call when a notification is observed, can be anything. In the example above, it could look like this:
@objc func onDidReceiveData(_ notification: Notification) {
// Do something now
}
The function has one parameter, which is a Notification object. You’ll see later on that you can use property userInfo to send some data with the notification.
Note: You need to mark this function with @objc. That attribute makes your Swift function available in the Objective-C runtime. The NotificationCenter is part of the Objective-C runtime, so in order for it to call your function, you’ll need to add that @objc attribute.
Every notification has a name of type Notification.Name. You can create it like this:
let name = Notification.Name(“didReceiveData”)
It’s more convenient to add your notification names as static constants to an extension for Notification.Name, like this:
extension Notification.Name {
static let didReceiveData = Notification.Name(“didReceiveData”)
static let didCompleteTask = Notification.Name(“didCompleteTask”)
static let completedLengthyDownload = Notification.Name(“completedLengthyDownload”)
}
The notification names are now available as static constants on the Notification.Name type, so you can use this syntax:
NotificationCenter.default.addObserver(self, selector: selector, name: .didCompleteTask, object: nil)
Note: I often use the “did do something” or “has downloaded something” naming convention for notifications, and I’m naming notification selectors similarly with onDidSomething(_:).
A key part of using NotificationCenter is that you register an observer before the notification you want to observe occurs. When a notification is posted to the notification center, and you’re not observing yet, you will obviously miss the notification.
By the way, the default property of the NotificationCenter is, in fact, the default notification center (duh!). All system notifications, such as keyboardDidHideNotification, are posted there.
You can also create custom notification centers, although you probably don’t need to. When you need to filter notifications, use the notification name and sender object to determine from what component you want to receive notifications.
In view controllers, it’s common to register and remove observers in either:
- viewDidLoad() and deinit, or
- viewWillAppear(_:) and viewWillDisappear(_:)
You can remove an observer with removeObserver(_:name:object:) and using the exact same parameters as for addObserver(…). You can also remove all observers with removeObserver(_:). Especially the removeObserver(_:) function is useful for quickly removing an observer from all notifications.
One last thing… Observers need to be removed before they are deallocated, or you risk sending a message to an object that doesn’t exist!
How To Post Notifications
Now that we’re observing for a notification, let’s post it! Posting a notification is simple:
NotificationCenter.default.post(name: .didReceiveData, object: nil)
The function post(name:object:userInfo:) has 3 parameters:
Let’s say you want to display some data in a table view. The data comes from a JSON webservice, and contains the game scores of Bob, Alice and Arthur.
You register for the .didReceiveData notification in the table view controller, like this:
NotificationCenter.default.addObserver(self, selector: #selector(onDidReceiveData(_:)), name: .didReceiveData, object: API.shared)
And the onDidReceiveData(_:) function looks like this:
@objc func onDidReceiveData(_ notification: Notification)
{
if let data = notification.userInfo as? [String: Int] {
for (name, score) in data {
print(“\(name) scored \(score) points!”)
}
}
}
In the example above, this happens:
- First, you’re using conditional binding to downcast the type of userInfo to [String: Int] with the type cast operator as?. Because the type of userInfo is [AnyHashable: Any]? – basically any dictionary – you can downcast its type to the dictionary type you’re expecting. That’s string keys and integer values in the example above. If the cast succeeds, then data contains the value of userInfo as type [String: Int].
- Then, using a for in loop, the items in the data dictionary are iterated. We’re using a tuple (name, score) to decompose the key and value of the dictionary items.
- Finally, inside the loop, we’re printing out the names and scores of Bob, Alice and Arthur.
When we want to post the notification that contains the data, we do this:
let scores = [“Bob”: 5, “Alice”: 3, “Arthur”: 42]
NotificationCenter.default.post(name: .didReceiveData, object: self, userInfo: scores)
See how the scores dictionary is provided as the argument for userInfo? We’re basically sending those score data alongside the notification. They’ll get picked up in onDidReceiveData(_:) and printed out.
Another thing stands out in the example above: the usage of object. When registering the observer, you’re specifying the sender you want to receive notifications from. Like this:
addObserver(, selector: , name: , object: API.shared)
Then, when posting the notification we specify the object parameter too. Like this:
.post(name: , object: self, userInfo: )
You already know that self refers to the current instance of the class we’re in. So when API.shared references the same object as self, the notification is picked up by the observer.
Here’s what that class could look like:
class API
{
static let shared = API()
func getData() {
NotificationCenter.default.post(name: .didReceiveData, object: self, userInfo: )
}
}
And that’s how we post notifications! Let’s continue with some use cases…
Let’s start by pointing out when you shouldn’t use NotificationCenter.
The notification center mechanism is so simple and convenient, that it’s tempting to let any and all objects, view controllers and models communicate with it.
Say you have a View Controller A and a View Controller B. You want to pass some data from A to B, when B is shown on screen. Do you use the notification center? No!
It’s much simpler and clearer to use a function or property on View Controller B, like setScores(_:) or currentUser, than it is to use Notification Center. You might even want to use a closure, or a set a property in a segue, or just use any of the standard principles of MVC.
Keep in mind to loosely couple your view controllers and/or objects, for instance by using a protocol or generic type.
Want to know how to pass data between view controllers, in any scenario? Check out the extensive blog post I wrote on that topic.
So when do you use NotificationCenter? I use the following guidelines:
Imagine you have a table view controller and an API. The data from the API needs to end up in the table view controller, after it has been downloaded from a web-based JSON resource. Both classes have single responsibilities, respectively getting the data and showing the data.
It doesn’t make sense to connect the table view controller to the API directly. You’re not going to add a tableView property to the API class, and add data to its data source when the JSON has been downloaded.
Likewise, it doesn’t make sense to add a dataCollection property to the API class and let the table view controller use that directly. You likely want to use a separate datastore anyway.
No, you want to loosely couple the table view controller and the API, for two reasons:
Because of that, you end up using NotificationCenter. This has a few added benefits:
- When another part of your app also needs to respond to new data coming in, it can simply listen in for the same notification name. This is one-to-many communication, because the one API can post notifications to many observers.
- When that same table view controller is used to display different data, for instance for a search feature, it can observe a different notification name or distinguish notifications by their sender. This is many-to-one or many-to-many communication, because now two view controllers are listening in on data from different sources.
Finally, I think that the determining guideline for using Notification Center should be repeat and consistent use. That connection between the table view controller and the API is like an information superhighway, moving data from one part of your app to the next.
Every time the user “pulls to refresh”, initiates a search, or needs new data, a signal is sent to the API to download new data, after which a notification is posted. Each of the components that observes that data now gets a ping, and the UI is subsequently updated in the app. Neat!
So! Notification Center. Now you know… Here’s a quick summary:
- First, register an observer for a notification with: addObserver(_:selector:name:object:)
- Then, post a notification with post(name:object:userInfo:) …
- … after which your selector is called
- And don’t forget to remove the observer with removeObserver()
You use NotificationCenter for repeat, consistent one-to-many or many-to-many communications. If you’re not sure, check out how to pass data between view controllers. And you can find a simple example in Xcode here.
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